What is a Layer 1 Blockchain?
Layer 1 (L1) refers to the foundational infrastructure of a blockchain network, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum. It encompasses the core protocol, consensus mechanisms, and native tokenomics that enable autonomous operation without reliance on external networks.
Key Characteristics:
- Self-Sufficient: Operates independently without Layer 2 (L2) support.
- Implementation Layer: Defines base rules for transactions, security, and decentralization.
- Historical Context: Pioneered by Bitcoin in 2008, later expanded by Ethereum’s multi-layer scaling in 2014.
Why Layer 1 Blockchains Matter
Blockchain complexity necessitates layered architectures for:
- Scalability: Enhance throughput without compromising security.
- Modular Development: Isolate upgrades (e.g., consensus changes) via layers.
- Decentralization: Maintain trustless operations while improving functionality.
Example: Ethereum’s shift to Proof-of-Stake (PoS) improved scalability while retaining L1 security.
Features of Layer 1 Blockchains
| Feature | Description | Example Blockchains |
|-----------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------|
| Decentralization | No central authority; peer-to-peer governance. | Bitcoin, Ethereum |
| Consensus Mechanisms | PoW (Bitcoin) or PoS (Ethereum 2.0). | Solana, Avalanche |
| Immutable Ledger | Transactions are irreversible and transparent. | Algorand, NEAR Protocol |
Limitations of Layer 1 Blockchains
Scalability Issues:
- Bitcoin processes 3–7 TPS; Ethereum handles ~30 TPS.
- Solution: L2 networks (e.g., Lightning Network).
Flexibility Constraints:
- Upgrades require hard forks (e.g., Ethereum’s Merge).
Security Risks:
- 51% attacks (PoW) or DoS threats during peak loads.
Top 35 Layer 1 Blockchains (2025)
- Bitcoin – Pioneer PoW store of value.
- Ethereum – Smart contract leader transitioning to PoS.
- Solana – High-speed PoS chain (50K TPS).
- Avalanche – Subsecond finality via Avalanche consensus.
- Cardano – Research-driven PoS platform.
- Polkadot – Interoperable parachain ecosystem.
- BNB Chain – EVM-compatible with low fees.
- Algorand – Pure PoS for enterprise use.
- Cosmos – “Internet of Blockchains” via IBC.
- Fantom – DAG-based L1 for DeFi.
(Full list includes: NEAR, Tezos, Aptos, Sui, XDC Network, and more.)
👉 Discover undervalued L1 projects
FAQs
What distinguishes L1 from L2 blockchains?
- L1: Base protocol (e.g., Ethereum).
- L2: Scalability solution built atop L1 (e.g., Arbitrum).
Top 10 L1 blockchains?
Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Avalanche, Cardano, Polkadot, BNB Chain, Algorand, Cosmos, Fantom.
Is Solana an L1?
Yes, Solana is a high-performance Layer 1 blockchain.
Resources for L1 Research
- CoinGecko: Market data.
- Token Terminal: Financial metrics.
- Token Metrics: AI-driven projections.
Layer 1 blockchains form the backbone of Web3—choosing the right one depends on your use case!